Time Window and Location Based Clustered Routing with Big and Distributed Data
Mehmet Fatih Yüce,
Ali Gunes,
Metin Zontul,
Tuğba Altintas
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
42-51
Received:
14 September 2018
Accepted:
12 October 2018
Published:
7 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ie.20180202.11
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Abstract: In this paper, a novel vehicle routing algorithm will be presented. Proposed method will be based on “time windows-based clustering” and “location-based clustering”, applied in reversable consecutive order. The method partitions and models the solution space with machine learning technologies, resulting in a better performance for time window and geospatial clustering calculations. Routing process, on the other hand, will be built upon already present open source tools, giving it usability, applicability, manageability, and integration perspectives. The process combines “cluster+cluster+route” units with post process enhancements. Previous works on location-based clustering are proved to be successful, albeit with some disadvantages. On the other hand, routing algorithms have mostly implemented time window calculations as second-class citizens. In this method, time window is a major ingredient of the modelling process. This paper will also differs from some other combinatoric methods used in literature. A history and general description of used methods and tools will also be provided. It is shown that the algorithm can generate good results, some of which are the best values in the recorded literature so far. The method is applied on a big data platform. Horizontal scaling and distributed processing capabilities with the state-of-the-art tooling on such systems are also described.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel vehicle routing algorithm will be presented. Proposed method will be based on “time windows-based clustering” and “location-based clustering”, applied in reversable consecutive order. The method partitions and models the solution space with machine learning technologies, resulting in a better performance for time window and g...
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Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Tobacco Cigarette Brand Sold in Samaru Area of Zaria, Nigeria
Oladunni Nathaniel,
Mairiga Ambina Ayuba,
Agbele Idowu Elijah,
Galadima Ehud Bulus
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
52-55
Received:
18 September 2018
Accepted:
12 October 2018
Published:
10 November 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ie.20180202.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Increase in tobacco smoking has been associated with health implications, hence the need for research into the heavy metal content of tobacco cigarettes. In this study, five brands of cigarettes commonly consumed were analyzed. The sample preparation procedures were based on the method of Campbell (1998). Five packets of different brands of tobacco cigarette were purchased from samaru market in Zaria and were labeled A, B, C, D and E respectively. Five sticks from each packet of the cigarette were randomly selected for homogenous representation, making a total of 25 samples (5 for each brand of tobacco). These cigarette were analysed for the presence of four heavy metals, namely Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in A was found to be 10.20, 0.06, 12.30, 2.80mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in B was found to be 10.22, 0.06, 17.86, 3.20mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in C was found to be 23.18, 0.06, 13.44 and 3.08mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in D was found to be 14.82, 0.40, 14.58 and 3.08mg/kg respectively while the concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in E was found to be 8.54, 0.00, 16.10 and 2.76mg/kg respectively. The physicochemical analysis of these cigarette brand was also carried out and The moisture content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 0.91, 0.88, 0.94, 1.85 and 0.79 % respectively with the order of variation as D > C > A > B > E. The ash content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 11.15, 10.45, 10.15, 5 and 11.35 % respectively with the order of variation as E > A > B > C > D. The pH value of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 5.86, 5.91, 5.67, 5.58 and 5.36 respectively From this study, it was observed that cadmium (Cd) concentration is within permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed, with sample E having no trace of Cadmium in it. Zinc (Zn) and Chromiuim (Cr) concentrations in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed is higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 25 and 0.5 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Pb in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed was found to be above the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg, and could cause serious health problem like lead poisoning, low fertility, cancer and so on.
Abstract: Increase in tobacco smoking has been associated with health implications, hence the need for research into the heavy metal content of tobacco cigarettes. In this study, five brands of cigarettes commonly consumed were analyzed. The sample preparation procedures were based on the method of Campbell (1998). Five packets of different brands of tobacco...
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