Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal

Ngone Diaba Gaye; Joseph Salvador Mingou; Coumba Kaba; Malick Ndiaye; Marguerite Tening Diouf; Khadim Sene; Lamine Ly; Seydina Oumar Gueye; Mamadou Adama Thiam; Constance Cabrel; Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye; Maboury Diao; Alassane Mbaye; Abdoul Kane; Aliou Alassane Ngaide

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

Research Article |

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Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal

Ngone Diaba Gaye^*

, Joseph Salvador Mingou, Coumba Kaba, Malick Ndiaye, Marguerite Tening Diouf, Khadim Sene, Lamine Ly, Seydina Oumar Gueye, Mamadou Adama Thiam, Constance Cabrel, Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye, Maboury Diao, Alassane Mbaye, Abdoul Kane, Aliou Alassane Ngaide

Published in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 10, Issue 3)

Received: 10 July 2026 Accepted: 22 July 2026 Published: 24 August 2026

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Abstract

Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) complements office blood pressure measurement by detecting white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and this study aimed to assess its diagnostic value in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July to September 2024 at Clinique Urgence Cardio in Dakar, including patients aged 18 years or older with a valid 24-hour ABPM recording. Clinical, anthropometric, and treatment data, together with cardiovascular risk factors, were collected; office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were compared; and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with discordance between the two methods. Of the 104 patients assessed, 97 had valid ABPM recordings. The mean age was 53.2 ± 14.1 years, and women predominated. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity (77.3%), known hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes (16.5%). Mean office blood pressure was 145.7/91.4 mmHg, compared with 130.5/80.2 mmHg over 24 hours, 134.4/82.4 mmHg during daytime, and 125/75 mmHg during nighttime. ABPM identified sustained hypertension in 53.61% of patients, white-coat hypertension in 18.56%, masked hypertension in 9.28%, and normotension in 18.56%, with overall agreement between office and ambulatory measurements of 72.2%. Among patients with elevated office blood pressure, 25.7% had white-coat hypertension, while 33.3% of those with normal office blood pressure had masked hypertension. Non-dipping and reverse-dipping patterns were observed in 45.4% and 19.6% of patients, respectively, and discordance was independently associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 5.08; p = 0.007). ABPM improves the diagnostic classification of hypertension and reveals a high prevalence of discordant phenotypes and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and wider use of ABPM may help optimize patient management in this setting.

Published in	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
Page(s)	55-62
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, Hypertension, White-Coat Hypertension, Masked Hypertension, Nocturnal Blood Pressure, Senegal

1. Introduction

Hypertension remains one of the leading preventable determinants of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of simple diagnostic tools and effective treatments, hypertension screening, diagnostic confirmation, and control remain inadequate, particularly in low- and middle-income countries

[1-3]

. Recent estimates from the World Health Organization highlight the magnitude of the problem: approximately one in three adults aged 30-79 years has hypertension, and a substantial proportion of individuals with hypertension remain unaware of their condition

[4]

. This situation is particularly concerning in sub-Saharan Africa, where rapid urbanization, nutritional transition, physical inactivity, obesity, and unequal access to specialised healthcare contribute to the growing cardiovascular risk

[5-8]

In routine clinical practice, the diagnosis of hypertension still relies largely on office blood pressure measurement. However, isolated office measurement has several limitations, including spontaneous blood pressure variability, the white-coat effect, suboptimal measurement conditions, the lack of nighttime blood pressure data, and the inability to identify certain cases of masked hypertension

[9, 10]

. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) overcomes some of these limitations by providing a dynamic assessment of blood pressure during daytime, nighttime, and throughout the entire 24-hour period

[11, 12]

. It also enables the assessment of blood pressure load, pulse pressure, and circadian patterns, including dipper, non-dipper, and reverse-dipper patterns, which have recognized prognostic value

[13, 14]

In Senegal, data on the use of ABPM in private cardiology practice remain limited. However, this healthcare setting serves a population increasingly exposed to cardiovascular risk factors, with hypertension assessment representing a frequent reason for consultation. Therefore, this study sought to determine the contribution of ABPM to the diagnostic classification of hypertension, compared with office blood pressure measurement, among patients attending private cardiology consultations in Senegal.

The primary objective was to assess the diagnostic value of ABPM in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice. The specific objectives were to describe the sociodemographic and cardiovascular characteristics of the patients, compare office and ambulatory blood pressure values, identify the blood pressure phenotypes detected by ABPM, and investigate factors associated with discordance between office and ambulatory measurements.

2. Methods

This prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted at Clinique Urgence Cardio, a private cardiology clinic in Dakar, Senegal. The study was carried out over a three-month period, from July to September 2024. It included adult patients referred to or seen at the clinic who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for the diagnosis, assessment, or follow-up of hypertension.

Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, provided free and informed consent, and had a valid ABPM recording. Pregnant women, patients who did not provide consent, and those with invalid or insufficient ABPM recordings were excluded from the analysis.

Data were collected using a standardized case report form. The variables examined included sociodemographic characteristics, personal and family history of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical findings, anthropometric parameters, current treatments, and ABPM measurements.

Office blood pressure was measured while the patient was at rest. Office hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Twenty-four-hour ABPM was performed using a non-invasive device while patients engaged in their usual daily activities. The thresholds used for interpretation were those commonly recommended by international guidelines: a 24-hour mean blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg, a daytime mean ≥135/85 mmHg, and a nighttime mean ≥120/70 mmHg.

Blood pressure phenotypes were classified into four categories. Sustained hypertension was defined as elevated office blood pressure confirmed by ABPM. White-coat hypertension was defined as elevated office blood pressure with normal ABPM values. Masked hypertension was defined as normal office blood pressure with elevated ABPM values. Normotension was defined as normal blood pressure both in the office and on ABPM. Circadian blood pressure patterns were also assessed according to the degree of nocturnal blood pressure reduction and classified as dipper, non-dipper, riser, or extreme dipper.

Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed using Stata software. Quantitative variables were summarized using the mean, standard deviation, median, and range. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Between-group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, including the chi-square test to assess associations between categorical variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Discordance was defined as disagreement between the office and ambulatory classification of hypertension, corresponding to a white-coat or masked hypertension phenotype, whereas concordance corresponded to sustained hypertension or normotension identified by both methods. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with this discordance. Candidate variables were first examined in bivariate analyses, and those associated with discordance at a threshold of p < 0.20 were entered into the multivariable model. Given the limited number of discordant cases, the number of covariates was deliberately kept small to reduce the risk of model overfitting.

The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles applicable to observational clinical research. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, data confidentiality was maintained, and all analyses were performed using an anonymized database.

3. Results

During the study period, 104 patients underwent ABPM. Seven recordings were excluded because of non-compliance or insufficient data, leaving 97 patients with valid ABPM recordings for the final analysis (Figure 1). The mean age was 53.20 ± 14.13 years (range: 22-81 years). The most represented age group was 40-49 years, followed by the 50-59- and 60-69-year age groups. Patients aged 50 years or older accounted for a substantial proportion of the study population. Women predominated, with a male-to-female sex ratio of 0.51. Most participants had a middle or high socioeconomic status and access to specialized private healthcare.

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Figure 1. Study flow diagram.

Cardiovascular risk factors were common and were dominated by abdominal obesity (77.3%), with a marked female predominance, followed by hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes mellitus (16.5%). Active smoking was uncommon (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Distribution of patients according to cardiovascular risk factors (n = 97).

The main indications for ABPM were the assessment of hypertension (38.1%) and hypertensive episodes. Office blood pressure measurements showed grade 1 hypertension in 42.3% of patients, grade 2 hypertension in 21.7%, and grade 3 hypertension in 8.3% (Figure 3). Mean office systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 145.7 ± 20.7 mmHg and 91.4 ± 15.5 mmHg, respectively. Ambulatory blood pressure values were lower. Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 130.5 ± 16.7 mmHg and 80.2 ± 12.2 mmHg, respectively. During daytime, the corresponding values were 134.4 ± 17.1 mmHg and 82.4 ± 12.6 mmHg, whereas nighttime values were 125.0 ± 18.3 mmHg and 75.0 ± 13.1 mmHg, respectively.

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Figure 3. Distribution of patients by office blood pressure category (n = 97).

Analysis of blood pressure load revealed a high prevalence of abnormalities, particularly during nighttime. During daytime, 45.4% of patients had a normal blood pressure load, whereas 30.9% had daytime systolic-diastolic hypertension. At night, only 28.9% had a normal blood pressure load, while 48.5% had nighttime systolic-diastolic hypertension. The mean systolic blood pressure load was 42.6% during daytime and 56.2% during nighttime, highlighting the substantial burden of nocturnal hypertension in this population.

Sustained hypertension was the most frequent phenotype, occurring in 53.61% of patients. White-coat hypertension and masked hypertension were observed in 18.56% and 9.28% of patients, respectively (Figure 1).

Overall concordance between office blood pressure measurements and ABPM findings was 72.2%, corresponding to a discordance rate of 27.8% accounted for by the white-coat and masked hypertension phenotypes. Among patients with office hypertension, 74.3% had sustained hypertension confirmed by ABPM, whereas 25.7% had white-coat hypertension. Among patients without office hypertension, 66.7% were normotensive on ABPM, while 33.3% had masked hypertension.

Analysis of circadian blood pressure patterns showed that 45.4% of patients were non-dippers, 34.0% were dippers, and 19.6% were risers. One patient exhibited an extreme-dipper pattern (Figure 4). Circadian blood pressure abnormalities were significantly associated with age, with non-dipper and riser patterns occurring more frequently among patients aged 50 years or older (Table 1).

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Figure 4. Distribution of patients according to nocturnal blood pressure dipping pattern (n = 97).

Table 1. Association between circadian blood pressure patterns and cardiovascular risk factors (n = 97).

Circadian rhythm	Categories	Dipper	Non-dipper	Riser	Extreme dipper	Total	P-value
Age	<50 years	51.2	34.2	14.6	0.0	100	0.021
	≥50 years	21.4	53.6	23.2	1.8	100	0.021
Sex	Female	31.3	48.4	20.3	0.0	100	0.422
	Male	39.4	39.4	18.2	3.0	100	0.422
Smoking	Yes	0.0	33.3	66.7	0.0	100
	No	32.9	45.9	20.0	1.2	100	0.262
	Former	55.6	44.4	0.0	0.0	100
Alcohol	Yes	18.8	50.0	3.3	0.0	100	0.402
	No	37.0	44.4	17.3	1.2	100	0.402
Physical inactivity	Yes	42.9	40.5	14.3	2.4	100	0.216
	No	27.3	49.1	23.6	0.0	100	0.216
Diabetes	Yes	31.25	50	18.75	0	100	0.953
Diabetes	No	34.57	44.44	19.75	1.23	100	0.953
	Thinness	0	100	0	0	100
BMI	Normal	30.43	43.48	26.09	0	100	0.734
BMI	Overweight		42.22	13.33	2.22	100	0.734
	Obesity	25	50	25	0	100
Abdominal Obesity	Yes	34.67	46.67	17.33	1.33	100	0.725
Abdominal Obesity	No	31.82	40.91	27.27	0	100	0.725

Daytime blood pressure load was significantly associated with age and smoking status (Table 2). Nighttime blood pressure load was significantly associated with age, while borderline associations were observed with alcohol consumption and obesity (Table 3). The overall blood pressure phenotype was strongly associated with alcohol consumption, with a high proportion of masked hypertension among patients who consumed alcohol.

Table 2. Association between nighttime blood pressure load and cardiovascular risk factors (n = 97).

Overall nighttime load	Categories	Diastolic hypertension	Systolic hypertension	Systolo-diastolic hypertension	Normal	Total	P-value
Age	<50 years	17.1	0.0	48.8	34.2	100	0.013
	≥50 years	7.1	19.6	48.2	25.0	100
Sex	Female	10.9	10.9	48.4	29.7	100	0.992
	Male	12.1	12.1	48.5	27.3	100
Smoking	Yes	0.0	33.3	66.7	0.0	100
	No	9.4	9.4	50.6	30.6	100	0.142
	Former	33.3	22.2	22.2	22.2	100
Alcohol	Yes	0.0	12.5	75.0	12.5	100	0.08
	no	13.6	11.1	43.2	32.1	100
Physical inactivity	Yes	11.9	4.8	57.1	26.2	100	0.242
	No	10.9	16.4	41.8	30.9	100
Diabetes	Yes	6.25	25	50	18.75	100	0.233
	No	12.35	8.64	48.15	30.86	100
	Thinness	0	100	0	0	100
	Normal	8.7	17.39	47.83	26.09	100
BMI							0.083
	Overweight	15.56	6.67	40	37.78	100
	Obesity	7.14	10.71	64.29	17.86	100
Abdominal obesity	Yes	12	12	49.33	26.67	100	0.835
Abdominal obesity	No	9.09	9.09	45.45	36.36	100

Table 3. Association between daytime blood pressure load and cardiovascular risk factors (n = 97).

Daily total load	Categories	Systolic hypertension	Diastolic hypertension	Systolic-diastolic hypertension	Normal	Total	P-value
Age	<50 years	17.1	2.4	34.2	46.3	100	0.047
	≥50 years	7.1	19.6	28.6	44.6	100	0.047
Sex	Female	9.4	12.5	28.1	50.0	100	0.57
	Male	15.2	12.1	36.4	36.4	100	0.57
Smoking	Yes	0.0	66.7	33.3	0.0	100
	No	10.6	11.8	32.9	44.7	100	0.041
	Former	22.2	0.0	11.1	66.7	100
Alcohol	Yes	12.5	31.3	25.0	31.3	100	0.086
	No	11.1	8.6	32.1	48.2	100	0.086
Physical inactivity	Yes	14.3	9.5	33.3	42.9	100	0.731
	No	9.1	14.6	29.1	47.3	100	0.731
Diabetes	Yes	0	6.25	37.5	56.5	100	0.318
	No	13.58	13.58	29.63	43.1	100	0.318
BMI	Thinness	0	0	0	100	100
	Normal	8.7	8.7	26.09	56.52		0.398
	Overweight	13.33	6.67	31.11	48.89		0.398
	Obesity	10.71	25	35.71	28.57
Abdominal Obesity	Yes	10.67	14.67	32	42.67	100	0.533
Abdominal Obesity	No	13.64	4.55	27.27	54.55	100	0.533

In the logistic regression model, discordance between office blood pressure measurements and ABPM findings was significantly associated with alcohol consumption (odds ratio: 5.08; p = 0.007). Age, sex, and dyslipidemia were not significantly associated with discordance after adjustment (Table 4).

Table 4. Multivariable analysis of factors associated with discordance between ABPM and office blood pressure measurements.

Discordance (Clinical vs ABPM)	Coefficient	Odd-Ratio	Standard error	P>z
Age	0.028	1.03	0.018	0.124
Sex-Male	-0.559	0.57	0.538	0.299
Alcohol	1.626	5.08	0.607	0.007
Dyslipidemia	-0.709	0.49	0.545	0.193

4. Discussion

This study highlights the major value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosing hypertension in a private cardiology practice in Senegal. The study population was relatively young, with a mean age of 53.2 years, but already had a high cardiovascular risk burden, as reflected by the high prevalence of known hypertension, abdominal and general obesity, physical inactivity, and dyslipidemia. This profile is consistent with the epidemiological transition occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, where urbanization, dietary changes, and declining physical activity contribute to the growing burden of hypertension

[5, 9]

. However, the particularly high prevalence of abdominal obesity and physical inactivity observed here should be interpreted in light of the recruitment setting. Because patients were recruited from a private cardiology clinic serving predominantly middle- and high-socioeconomic-status individuals, these frequencies most likely reflect the characteristics of this specific population rather than those of the general Senegalese or wider sub-Saharan African population.

The main finding of this study was the substantial discordance between office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Overall concordance was 72.2%, indicating that approximately one in four patients could be misclassified based on office measurements alone. ABPM identified white-coat hypertension in 18.56% of patients and masked hypertension in 9.28%. Both phenotypes have important clinical implications. White-coat hypertension may lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment, whereas masked hypertension carries the opposite risk of underdiagnosis and undertreatment

[11, 15]

. These findings are consistent with recent guidelines emphasizing the importance of out-of-office measurements, particularly ABPM and home blood pressure monitoring, to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and improve cardiovascular risk stratification

[9, 11]

The proportion of sustained hypertension observed in our study (53.61%) was similar to that reported by Kaul et al., who found a prevalence of 55.5%. Conversely, it differed from the findings of Chuwa and Chillo, who reported a substantially lower prevalence of sustained hypertension. These differences may be explained by variations in the characteristics of the study populations, particularly age, treatment status, and recruitment setting. Our study included patients with previously diagnosed hypertension and those receiving antihypertensive treatment, thereby logically increasing the likelihood of detecting hypertension confirmed by ABPM

[16, 17]

Another important finding was the high prevalence of nocturnal abnormalities. Nighttime blood pressure load was greater than daytime blood pressure load. Non-dippers accounted for 45.4% of patients, while an additional 19.6% exhibited a riser pattern. This finding is clinically relevant because nocturnal hypertension and the absence of a physiological nighttime decline in blood pressure are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, independently of office blood pressure

[15, 18]

. ABPM therefore provides prognostic information that cannot be obtained from office measurements. In this population, it may help identify patients requiring closer follow-up, assessment for target-organ damage, or adjustment of antihypertensive therapy.

The significant association between office-ABPM discordance and alcohol consumption also warrants attention. In our model, alcohol consumption was associated with an approximately fivefold higher likelihood of discordance. This finding should be interpreted cautiously because of the limited sample size. Nevertheless, it suggests that certain behavioral factors may contribute to greater blood pressure variability or atypical blood pressure patterns. Further investigation is warranted in larger studies incorporating the amount and pattern of alcohol consumption, sleep, stress, and adherence to antihypertensive therapy.

This study has several limitations. It was a single-center study conducted in a private healthcare setting, with a modest sample size and a short recruitment period. Consequently, the sociodemographic profile and cardiovascular risk factor frequencies observed here are unlikely to be representative of the general Senegalese population or of patients managed in public or primary care settings, and these findings should not be generalized to hypertension management in Senegal as a whole. Furthermore, several important prognostic variables, including laboratory, renal, and echocardiographic data and the assessment of sleep apnea, were not systematically collected. Despite these limitations, our findings support a more structured use of ABPM in the diagnostic evaluation of hypertension in comparable private cardiology settings, particularly among patients with suspected white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, nocturnal hypertension, or apparently uncontrolled blood pressure.

5. Conclusion

This study demonstrates that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides substantial diagnostic value in the assessment of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. ABPM identified a high proportion of sustained hypertension, as well as white-coat and masked hypertension phenotypes that would have been misclassified based on office blood pressure measurements alone. It also revealed a high prevalence of nocturnal abnormalities, particularly nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping patterns, highlighting its value beyond diagnostic confirmation.

These findings support a more structured strategy for confirming hypertension, combining standardized office blood pressure measurement, home blood pressure monitoring where available, and ABPM in patients at risk of misclassification. Because this study was limited to a single private cardiology clinic serving a predominantly middle- and high-socioeconomic-status population, these findings should not be extrapolated to hypertension management in Senegal as a whole. Larger multicenter studies conducted across diverse healthcare settings and incorporating laboratory, renal, and echocardiographic data are needed to better determine the prognostic significance of these blood pressure phenotypes in the broader Senegalese population.

Abbreviations

ABPM	Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
BMI	Body Mass Index
HTN	Hypertension
OR	Odds Ratio

Author Contributions

Ngone Diaba Gaye: Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Coumba Kaba: Formal Analysis

Aliou Alassane Ngaide: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Gaye, N. D., Mingou, J. S., Kaba, C., Ndiaye, M., Diouf, M. T., et al. (2026). Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 10(3), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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Gaye, N. D.; Mingou, J. S.; Kaba, C.; Ndiaye, M.; Diouf, M. T., et al. Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2026, 10(3), 55-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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AMA Style

Gaye ND, Mingou JS, Kaba C, Ndiaye M, Diouf MT, et al. Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2026;10(3):55-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15,
  author = {Ngone Diaba Gaye and Joseph Salvador Mingou and Coumba Kaba and Malick Ndiaye and Marguerite Tening Diouf and Khadim Sene and Lamine Ly and Seydina Oumar Gueye and Mamadou Adama Thiam and Constance Cabrel and Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye and Maboury Diao and Alassane Mbaye and Abdoul Kane and Aliou Alassane Ngaide},
  title = {Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {55-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20261003.15},
  abstract = {Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) complements office blood pressure measurement by detecting white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and this study aimed to assess its diagnostic value in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July to September 2024 at Clinique Urgence Cardio in Dakar, including patients aged 18 years or older with a valid 24-hour ABPM recording. Clinical, anthropometric, and treatment data, together with cardiovascular risk factors, were collected; office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were compared; and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with discordance between the two methods. Of the 104 patients assessed, 97 had valid ABPM recordings. The mean age was 53.2 ± 14.1 years, and women predominated. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity (77.3%), known hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes (16.5%). Mean office blood pressure was 145.7/91.4 mmHg, compared with 130.5/80.2 mmHg over 24 hours, 134.4/82.4 mmHg during daytime, and 125/75 mmHg during nighttime. ABPM identified sustained hypertension in 53.61% of patients, white-coat hypertension in 18.56%, masked hypertension in 9.28%, and normotension in 18.56%, with overall agreement between office and ambulatory measurements of 72.2%. Among patients with elevated office blood pressure, 25.7% had white-coat hypertension, while 33.3% of those with normal office blood pressure had masked hypertension. Non-dipping and reverse-dipping patterns were observed in 45.4% and 19.6% of patients, respectively, and discordance was independently associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 5.08; p = 0.007). ABPM improves the diagnostic classification of hypertension and reveals a high prevalence of discordant phenotypes and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and wider use of ABPM may help optimize patient management in this setting.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal
AU  - Ngone Diaba Gaye
AU  - Joseph Salvador Mingou
AU  - Coumba Kaba
AU  - Malick Ndiaye
AU  - Marguerite Tening Diouf
AU  - Khadim Sene
AU  - Lamine Ly
AU  - Seydina Oumar Gueye
AU  - Mamadou Adama Thiam
AU  - Constance Cabrel
AU  - Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye
AU  - Maboury Diao
AU  - Alassane Mbaye
AU  - Abdoul Kane
AU  - Aliou Alassane Ngaide
Y1  - 2026/08/24
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 55
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
AB  - Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) complements office blood pressure measurement by detecting white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and this study aimed to assess its diagnostic value in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July to September 2024 at Clinique Urgence Cardio in Dakar, including patients aged 18 years or older with a valid 24-hour ABPM recording. Clinical, anthropometric, and treatment data, together with cardiovascular risk factors, were collected; office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were compared; and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with discordance between the two methods. Of the 104 patients assessed, 97 had valid ABPM recordings. The mean age was 53.2 ± 14.1 years, and women predominated. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity (77.3%), known hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes (16.5%). Mean office blood pressure was 145.7/91.4 mmHg, compared with 130.5/80.2 mmHg over 24 hours, 134.4/82.4 mmHg during daytime, and 125/75 mmHg during nighttime. ABPM identified sustained hypertension in 53.61% of patients, white-coat hypertension in 18.56%, masked hypertension in 9.28%, and normotension in 18.56%, with overall agreement between office and ambulatory measurements of 72.2%. Among patients with elevated office blood pressure, 25.7% had white-coat hypertension, while 33.3% of those with normal office blood pressure had masked hypertension. Non-dipping and reverse-dipping patterns were observed in 45.4% and 19.6% of patients, respectively, and discordance was independently associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 5.08; p = 0.007). ABPM improves the diagnostic classification of hypertension and reveals a high prevalence of discordant phenotypes and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and wider use of ABPM may help optimize patient management in this setting.
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Ngone Diaba Gaye

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Ibra Mamadou Wane Medical Center, Dakar, Senegal

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-9225
Joseph Salvador Mingou

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Coumba Kaba

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Malick Ndiaye

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Marguerite Tening Diouf

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Khadim Sene

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Lamine Ly

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Seydina Oumar Gueye

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Mamadou Adama Thiam

Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Constance Cabrel

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Maboury Diao

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Alassane Mbaye

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Idrissa Pouye General Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Abdoul Kane

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Aliou Alassane Ngaide

Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal;Cardiology Department, Dalal Jamm Hospital, Dakar, Senegal

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-2112-3906

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APA Style

Gaye, N. D., Mingou, J. S., Kaba, C., Ndiaye, M., Diouf, M. T., et al. (2026). Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 10(3), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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ACS Style

Gaye, N. D.; Mingou, J. S.; Kaba, C.; Ndiaye, M.; Diouf, M. T., et al. Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2026, 10(3), 55-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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AMA Style

Gaye ND, Mingou JS, Kaba C, Ndiaye M, Diouf MT, et al. Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2026;10(3):55-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15,
  author = {Ngone Diaba Gaye and Joseph Salvador Mingou and Coumba Kaba and Malick Ndiaye and Marguerite Tening Diouf and Khadim Sene and Lamine Ly and Seydina Oumar Gueye and Mamadou Adama Thiam and Constance Cabrel and Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye and Maboury Diao and Alassane Mbaye and Abdoul Kane and Aliou Alassane Ngaide},
  title = {Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {55-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20261003.15},
  abstract = {Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) complements office blood pressure measurement by detecting white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and this study aimed to assess its diagnostic value in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July to September 2024 at Clinique Urgence Cardio in Dakar, including patients aged 18 years or older with a valid 24-hour ABPM recording. Clinical, anthropometric, and treatment data, together with cardiovascular risk factors, were collected; office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were compared; and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with discordance between the two methods. Of the 104 patients assessed, 97 had valid ABPM recordings. The mean age was 53.2 ± 14.1 years, and women predominated. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity (77.3%), known hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes (16.5%). Mean office blood pressure was 145.7/91.4 mmHg, compared with 130.5/80.2 mmHg over 24 hours, 134.4/82.4 mmHg during daytime, and 125/75 mmHg during nighttime. ABPM identified sustained hypertension in 53.61% of patients, white-coat hypertension in 18.56%, masked hypertension in 9.28%, and normotension in 18.56%, with overall agreement between office and ambulatory measurements of 72.2%. Among patients with elevated office blood pressure, 25.7% had white-coat hypertension, while 33.3% of those with normal office blood pressure had masked hypertension. Non-dipping and reverse-dipping patterns were observed in 45.4% and 19.6% of patients, respectively, and discordance was independently associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 5.08; p = 0.007). ABPM improves the diagnostic classification of hypertension and reveals a high prevalence of discordant phenotypes and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and wider use of ABPM may help optimize patient management in this setting.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Hypertension in Private Cardiology Practice in Senegal
AU  - Ngone Diaba Gaye
AU  - Joseph Salvador Mingou
AU  - Coumba Kaba
AU  - Malick Ndiaye
AU  - Marguerite Tening Diouf
AU  - Khadim Sene
AU  - Lamine Ly
AU  - Seydina Oumar Gueye
AU  - Mamadou Adama Thiam
AU  - Constance Cabrel
AU  - Mouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye
AU  - Maboury Diao
AU  - Alassane Mbaye
AU  - Abdoul Kane
AU  - Aliou Alassane Ngaide
Y1  - 2026/08/24
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 55
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20261003.15
AB  - Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) complements office blood pressure measurement by detecting white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and this study aimed to assess its diagnostic value in the management of hypertension in private cardiology practice in Senegal. A prospective, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from July to September 2024 at Clinique Urgence Cardio in Dakar, including patients aged 18 years or older with a valid 24-hour ABPM recording. Clinical, anthropometric, and treatment data, together with cardiovascular risk factors, were collected; office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements were compared; and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with discordance between the two methods. Of the 104 patients assessed, 97 had valid ABPM recordings. The mean age was 53.2 ± 14.1 years, and women predominated. Cardiovascular risk factors included abdominal obesity (77.3%), known hypertension (54.6%), physical inactivity (43.3%), dyslipidemia (37.1%), and diabetes (16.5%). Mean office blood pressure was 145.7/91.4 mmHg, compared with 130.5/80.2 mmHg over 24 hours, 134.4/82.4 mmHg during daytime, and 125/75 mmHg during nighttime. ABPM identified sustained hypertension in 53.61% of patients, white-coat hypertension in 18.56%, masked hypertension in 9.28%, and normotension in 18.56%, with overall agreement between office and ambulatory measurements of 72.2%. Among patients with elevated office blood pressure, 25.7% had white-coat hypertension, while 33.3% of those with normal office blood pressure had masked hypertension. Non-dipping and reverse-dipping patterns were observed in 45.4% and 19.6% of patients, respectively, and discordance was independently associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 5.08; p = 0.007). ABPM improves the diagnostic classification of hypertension and reveals a high prevalence of discordant phenotypes and nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities, and wider use of ABPM may help optimize patient management in this setting.
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

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