A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation

Eva Gerold; Helmut Antrekowitsch

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation

Eva Gerold, Helmut Antrekowitsch

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 11, Issue 3)

Received: 25 July 2022 Accepted: 9 August 2022 Published: 29 August 2022

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Abstract

The need to recycle critical materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. However, non-critical and currently low-cost elements such as manganese are often neglected. Looking at the development of this technology, however, it is evident that the demand for high-purity manganese for battery production will also increase enormously. The tendency towards active materials with higher manganese contents leads to the conclusion that this element should already be taken into consideration at this stage of the development of recycling processes. This evolution is based on the lower costs per kWh for the active material used and is therefore a highly probable scenario, especially with regard to the cost situation for battery materials. The recovery of manganese from active materials has so far been carried out in the research work mainly by means of solvent extraction, whereby this process entails many technological prerequisites in addition to the high price of the technique itself. When classical precipitation methods using sodium hydroxide or carbonate were used alternatively, only an inconsistent product with a high content of impurities could be obtained. This research work therefore deals with the selective recovery of manganese by means of photocatalytic oxidation. It makes utilization of the natural oxidation cycle of manganese, which is strongly dependent on the pH value, and shows that the efficiencies of this process are quite promising for the application in the field of battery recycling.

Published in	International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
Page(s)	66-75
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Recycling, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Manganese Recovery, Photocatalytic Oxidation

References

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[4]	Leuthner S.: 2 Lithium-ion battery overview. In: Korthauer, R. (Hg.): Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; Imprint: Springer, 13–20.
[5]	Arnberger A., E. Coskun und B. Rutrecht: Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. In: Sammelband. Thiel, S., Thomé-Kozmiensky, E., Goldmann, D. (Hg.): Recycling und Rohstoffe. Neuruppin: Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH, 583–599.
[6]	Lithium, Cobalt and Nickel: The Gold Rush of the 21st Century. Daraday Insights (2020) online proceedings.
[7]	McKinsey & Company: Powering up sustainable energy, Bericht (2020).
[8]	Global Battery Alliance, World Economic Forum: A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030, Bericht, Geneva, Schweiz (2019).
[9]	Votava, J.: Euro Manganese Inc. Internet: https://www.mn25.ca/manganese (Access: 25.03.2022).
[10]	Europäische Kommission: Batteries and accumulators. Internet: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/batteries-and-accumulators_en (Zugriff: 21.06.2021).
[11]	Halleux V.: New EU regulatory framwork for batteries, Bericht, Brüssel (2021).
[12]	Xu C. et al.: Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries. Communications Materials, 1 (2020) online proceedings.
[13]	Schnebele E.: Manganese Statistics and Information. Internet: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/manganese-statistics-and-information (Zugriff: 18.10.2021).
[14]	Kauranen P. et al.: Raw Materials and Recycling Roadmap (2021).
[15]	Anbar A. D. und H. D. Holland: The photochemistry of manganese and the origin of banded iron formations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56 (1992), 2595–2603.
[16]	Diem D. und W. Stumm: Is dissolved Mn²⁺ being oxidized by O₂ in absence of Mn-bacteria or surface catalysts? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48 (1984), 1571–1573.
[17]	Jung H. et al.: Photocatalytic Oxidation of Dissolved Mn²⁺ by TiO₂ and the Formation of Tunnel Structured Manganese Oxides. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5 (2021), 2105–2114.
[18]	Euro Manganese Announces PEA Results for Chvaletice Manganese Project with an after-tax Net Present Value of US$593 Million, Vancouver, Canada (2019).
[19]	Keller A., M. W. Hlawitschka und H.-J. Bart: Manganese recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries via solvent extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 275 (2021), 119166.
[20]	Liu, W. et al.: Anoxic photochemical oxidation of manganese carbonate yields manganese oxide. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 37 (2020), 22698– 22704.
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Eva Gerold, Helmut Antrekowitsch. (2022). A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 11(3), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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ACS Style

Eva Gerold; Helmut Antrekowitsch. A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2022, 11(3), 66-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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AMA Style

Eva Gerold, Helmut Antrekowitsch. A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2022;11(3):66-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12,
  author = {Eva Gerold and Helmut Antrekowitsch},
  title = {A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {66-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  abstract = {The need to recycle critical materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. However, non-critical and currently low-cost elements such as manganese are often neglected. Looking at the development of this technology, however, it is evident that the demand for high-purity manganese for battery production will also increase enormously. The tendency towards active materials with higher manganese contents leads to the conclusion that this element should already be taken into consideration at this stage of the development of recycling processes. This evolution is based on the lower costs per kWh for the active material used and is therefore a highly probable scenario, especially with regard to the cost situation for battery materials. The recovery of manganese from active materials has so far been carried out in the research work mainly by means of solvent extraction, whereby this process entails many technological prerequisites in addition to the high price of the technique itself. When classical precipitation methods using sodium hydroxide or carbonate were used alternatively, only an inconsistent product with a high content of impurities could be obtained. This research work therefore deals with the selective recovery of manganese by means of photocatalytic oxidation. It makes utilization of the natural oxidation cycle of manganese, which is strongly dependent on the pH value, and shows that the efficiencies of this process are quite promising for the application in the field of battery recycling.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation
AU  - Eva Gerold
AU  - Helmut Antrekowitsch
Y1  - 2022/08/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 66
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
AB  - The need to recycle critical materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. However, non-critical and currently low-cost elements such as manganese are often neglected. Looking at the development of this technology, however, it is evident that the demand for high-purity manganese for battery production will also increase enormously. The tendency towards active materials with higher manganese contents leads to the conclusion that this element should already be taken into consideration at this stage of the development of recycling processes. This evolution is based on the lower costs per kWh for the active material used and is therefore a highly probable scenario, especially with regard to the cost situation for battery materials. The recovery of manganese from active materials has so far been carried out in the research work mainly by means of solvent extraction, whereby this process entails many technological prerequisites in addition to the high price of the technique itself. When classical precipitation methods using sodium hydroxide or carbonate were used alternatively, only an inconsistent product with a high content of impurities could be obtained. This research work therefore deals with the selective recovery of manganese by means of photocatalytic oxidation. It makes utilization of the natural oxidation cycle of manganese, which is strongly dependent on the pH value, and shows that the efficiencies of this process are quite promising for the application in the field of battery recycling.
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Eva Gerold

Nonferrous Metallurgy, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Leoben, Austria
Helmut Antrekowitsch

Nonferrous Metallurgy, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Leoben, Austria

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APA Style

Eva Gerold, Helmut Antrekowitsch. (2022). A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 11(3), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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ACS Style

Eva Gerold; Helmut Antrekowitsch. A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2022, 11(3), 66-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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AMA Style

Eva Gerold, Helmut Antrekowitsch. A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2022;11(3):66-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12,
  author = {Eva Gerold and Helmut Antrekowitsch},
  title = {A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {66-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20221103.12},
  abstract = {The need to recycle critical materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. However, non-critical and currently low-cost elements such as manganese are often neglected. Looking at the development of this technology, however, it is evident that the demand for high-purity manganese for battery production will also increase enormously. The tendency towards active materials with higher manganese contents leads to the conclusion that this element should already be taken into consideration at this stage of the development of recycling processes. This evolution is based on the lower costs per kWh for the active material used and is therefore a highly probable scenario, especially with regard to the cost situation for battery materials. The recovery of manganese from active materials has so far been carried out in the research work mainly by means of solvent extraction, whereby this process entails many technological prerequisites in addition to the high price of the technique itself. When classical precipitation methods using sodium hydroxide or carbonate were used alternatively, only an inconsistent product with a high content of impurities could be obtained. This research work therefore deals with the selective recovery of manganese by means of photocatalytic oxidation. It makes utilization of the natural oxidation cycle of manganese, which is strongly dependent on the pH value, and shows that the efficiencies of this process are quite promising for the application in the field of battery recycling.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Manganese from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Photocatalytic Oxidation
AU  - Eva Gerold
AU  - Helmut Antrekowitsch
Y1  - 2022/08/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP  - 66
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2643
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20221103.12
AB  - The need to recycle critical materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is undisputed. However, non-critical and currently low-cost elements such as manganese are often neglected. Looking at the development of this technology, however, it is evident that the demand for high-purity manganese for battery production will also increase enormously. The tendency towards active materials with higher manganese contents leads to the conclusion that this element should already be taken into consideration at this stage of the development of recycling processes. This evolution is based on the lower costs per kWh for the active material used and is therefore a highly probable scenario, especially with regard to the cost situation for battery materials. The recovery of manganese from active materials has so far been carried out in the research work mainly by means of solvent extraction, whereby this process entails many technological prerequisites in addition to the high price of the technique itself. When classical precipitation methods using sodium hydroxide or carbonate were used alternatively, only an inconsistent product with a high content of impurities could be obtained. This research work therefore deals with the selective recovery of manganese by means of photocatalytic oxidation. It makes utilization of the natural oxidation cycle of manganese, which is strongly dependent on the pH value, and shows that the efficiencies of this process are quite promising for the application in the field of battery recycling.
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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