Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications

Received: 10 August 2025     Accepted: 25 August 2025     Published: 8 December 2025
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Abstract

As mobile applications remain to drive user engagement and digital services, optimizing energy consumption has become an indispensable software engineering goal. Extreme battery drain caused by inefficient application behavior not only degrades user knowledge but also contributes to device overheating and shorter hardware lifecycle. This exploration displayed an incorporated framework for energy-efficient software development, merging static code analysis, dynamic energy profiling, and experimental testing across four Android applications. Using tools such as Android Studio Profiler, Trepn Profiler, Battery Historian, and Jupyter Notebook, the examination recognized and improved important energy anti-patterns, including unreleased wake locks, excessive CPU activity, and recurrent background polling. Post-optimization investigation displayed a 30 - 40% reduction in energy usage, a 20% drop in average CPU load, and a 60 - 70% decrease in wake lock counts. These outcomes were statistically authenticated using paired t-tests, all of which yielded p-values < 0.05, confirming significant improvements. The discoveries reinforce the prominence of participating energy diagnostics into the development lifecycle and provide a practical, reproducible model for building greener mobile applications. The planned procedure authorizes developers to make informed coding decisions, improves runtime efficiency, and aligns software design with global sustainability goals.

Published in Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15
Page(s) 83-94
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Mobile App Optimization, Energy Efficiency, Wake Locks, Trepn Profiler, Android Studio, Dynamic Analysis, Green Software Engineering, CPU Usage, Energy Profiling, Software Sustainability

References
[1] Pathak, Abhinav, Y.Charlie Hu, and Ming Zhang. 2012. “Where Is the Energy Spent Inside My App? Fine?Grained Energy Accounting on Smartphones with Eprof.” Proceedings of the Seventh EuroSys Conference, Bern, Switzerland, April 10-13.
[2] Liu, Yepang, Chang Xu, Shing?Chi Cheung, and Jian Lu. 2014. “GreenDroid: Automated Diagnosis of Energy Inefficiency for Smartphone Applications.” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 40, no.9:911–940.
[3] Wang, Jue, Yepang Liu, Chang Xu, Xiaoxing Ma, and Jian Lu. 2016. “E?GreenDroid: Effective Energy Inefficiency Analysis for Android Applications.” Internetware ’16, September 18, Beijing, China.
[4] Roychoudhury, Abhik et al. 2014. “Detecting Energy Bugs and Hotspots in Mobile Apps.” Proceedings of FSE 2014, ACM.
[5] Halfond, William G. J., and colleagues. 2015. “Detecting Display Energy Hotspots in Android Apps.” ICST 2015.
[6] Cruz, Rui, and others. 2018. “Earmo: An Energy?Aware Refactoring Approach for Mobile Apps.” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2018).
[7] Zhao, Peng, Michael Godfrey, and others. 2019. “What Can Android Developers Do About Machine?Learning Energy Consumption?” Empirical Software Engineering (2019).
[8] Jiang, Hao et al. 2017. “Detecting Energy Bugs in Android Apps Using Static Analysis.” Formal Engineering Methods 2017, Springer.
[9] Sahin, Cagri, Lori Pollock, and James Clause. 2016. “From Benchmarks to Real Apps: Exploring the Energy Impacts of Performance?Directed Changes.” Journal of Systems and Software 114 (2016): 11–29.
[10] Manotas, Irene, Christian Bird, Rui Zhang, and others. 2016. “An Empirical Study of Practitioners’ Perspectives on Green Software Engineering.” ICSE 2016 Companion.
[11] Linares?Vásquez, Mario, Carlos Bernal?Cárdenas, Gabriele Bavota, and others. 2017. “Gemma: Multi?Objective Optimization of Energy Consumption of GUIs in Android Apps.” ICSE?C 2017.
[12] Halfond, William G. J., and others. 2015. “Nyx: A Display Energy Optimizer for Mobile Web Apps.” FSE 2015.
[13] Banerjee, Abhijeet, Hai?Feng Guo, and Abhik Roychoudhury. 2016. “Debugging Energy?Efficiency?Related Field Failures in Mobile Apps.” MOBILESoft 2016.
[14] Cañete, Angel, Jose?Miguel Horcas, Inmaculada Ayala, and Lidia Fuentes. 2019. “Energy Efficient Adaptation Engines for Android Applications.” Information and Software Technology 115 (2019): 123–140.
[15] Cruz, Luís, Rui Abreu, John Grundy, and others. 2019. “On the Energy Footprint of Mobile Testing Frameworks.” IEEE TSE (2019).
[16] Cruz, Luís, Rui Abreu. 2019. “Using Automatic Refactoring to Improve Energy Efficiency of Android Apps.” CIbSE XXI.
[17] Palomba, Fabio, Dario Di Nucci, Annibale Panichella, Andy Zaidman, and Andrea De Lucia. 2019. “On the Impact of Code Smells on the Energy Consumption of Mobile Applications.” Journal of Information and Software Technology (2019).
[18] Morales, Rodrigo, Rubén Saborido, Foutse Khomh, Francisco Chicano, and Giuliano Antoniol. 2018. “Earmo: An Energy-Aware Refactoring Approach for Mobile Apps.” IEEE TSE (2018).
[19] Pathak, Abhinav, Y. Charlie Hu, and Ming Zhang. Where Is the Energy Spent Inside My App? Proceedings of the Seventh EuroSys Conference. Bern, 2012.
[20] Simunic, Tajana, et al. Managing Battery Consumption with Software Techniques. Design Automation Conference (DAC), 2001.
[21] Hao, Shuang, Ding Li, William G. J. Halfond, and Ramesh Govindan. Estimating Mobile App Energy Consumption Using Program Analysis. ICSE, 2013.
[22] Manotas, Irene, et al. Mining Energy-Efficient Software Changes. ICSE, 2016.
[23] Cruz, Luís, and Rui Abreu. Using Energy Profiles to Guide Software Refactoring. IEEE ware, 2017.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Adewumi, I. O., Arikeuyo, A. O., Amuda, H., Alao, K. O. (2025). Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications. Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, 9(2), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15

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    ACS Style

    Adewumi, I. O.; Arikeuyo, A. O.; Amuda, H.; Alao, K. O. Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications. J. Chem. Environ. Biol. Eng. 2025, 9(2), 83-94. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15

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    AMA Style

    Adewumi IO, Arikeuyo AO, Amuda H, Alao KO. Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications. J Chem Environ Biol Eng. 2025;9(2):83-94. doi: 10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15,
      author = {Idowu Olugbenga Adewumi and Akeem Olamide Arikeuyo and Hafeez Amuda and Kehinde Oluwaremilekun Alao},
      title = {Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications},
      journal = {Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering},
      volume = {9},
      number = {2},
      pages = {83-94},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jcebe.20250902.15},
      abstract = {As mobile applications remain to drive user engagement and digital services, optimizing energy consumption has become an indispensable software engineering goal. Extreme battery drain caused by inefficient application behavior not only degrades user knowledge but also contributes to device overheating and shorter hardware lifecycle. This exploration displayed an incorporated framework for energy-efficient software development, merging static code analysis, dynamic energy profiling, and experimental testing across four Android applications. Using tools such as Android Studio Profiler, Trepn Profiler, Battery Historian, and Jupyter Notebook, the examination recognized and improved important energy anti-patterns, including unreleased wake locks, excessive CPU activity, and recurrent background polling. Post-optimization investigation displayed a 30 - 40% reduction in energy usage, a 20% drop in average CPU load, and a 60 - 70% decrease in wake lock counts. These outcomes were statistically authenticated using paired t-tests, all of which yielded p-values < 0.05, confirming significant improvements. The discoveries reinforce the prominence of participating energy diagnostics into the development lifecycle and provide a practical, reproducible model for building greener mobile applications. The planned procedure authorizes developers to make informed coding decisions, improves runtime efficiency, and aligns software design with global sustainability goals.},
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    T1  - Energy Efficient Software Development for Mobile Applications
    AU  - Idowu Olugbenga Adewumi
    AU  - Akeem Olamide Arikeuyo
    AU  - Hafeez Amuda
    AU  - Kehinde Oluwaremilekun Alao
    Y1  - 2025/12/08
    PY  - 2025
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15
    T2  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
    JF  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
    JO  - Journal of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering
    SP  - 83
    EP  - 94
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-267X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jcebe.20250902.15
    AB  - As mobile applications remain to drive user engagement and digital services, optimizing energy consumption has become an indispensable software engineering goal. Extreme battery drain caused by inefficient application behavior not only degrades user knowledge but also contributes to device overheating and shorter hardware lifecycle. This exploration displayed an incorporated framework for energy-efficient software development, merging static code analysis, dynamic energy profiling, and experimental testing across four Android applications. Using tools such as Android Studio Profiler, Trepn Profiler, Battery Historian, and Jupyter Notebook, the examination recognized and improved important energy anti-patterns, including unreleased wake locks, excessive CPU activity, and recurrent background polling. Post-optimization investigation displayed a 30 - 40% reduction in energy usage, a 20% drop in average CPU load, and a 60 - 70% decrease in wake lock counts. These outcomes were statistically authenticated using paired t-tests, all of which yielded p-values < 0.05, confirming significant improvements. The discoveries reinforce the prominence of participating energy diagnostics into the development lifecycle and provide a practical, reproducible model for building greener mobile applications. The planned procedure authorizes developers to make informed coding decisions, improves runtime efficiency, and aligns software design with global sustainability goals.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Software Engineering Program, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Department of Software Engineering Program, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Department of Cybersecurity Program, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Department of Cybersecurity Program, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

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