Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM

Abu Aisha Omolegho; John Wasiu; Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM

Abu Aisha Omolegho, John Wasiu, Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka^*

Published in International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications (Volume 12, Issue 2)

Received: 21 April 2026 Accepted: 3 June 2026 Published: 23 June 2026

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Abstract

Utilizing lateritic soil from Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria, as the base material, this study examines the probabilistic reliability and mechanical performance of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams stabilized with sulphonate naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer (SP430) at dosages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. At curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, flexural strength tests were conducted on prismatic beams (500 × 100 × 100 mm) that were reinforced with 10 mm stirrups and 12 mm longitudinal bars. To evaluate safety margins, the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was utilized, which produced reliability indices (β) based on stochastic variables such as reinforcement properties, modulus of rupture (MoR, N/mm²), and failure load (F, kN). The results demonstrate that reinforced beams outperformed unreinforced beams in terms of failure loads (4.202–4.255 kN) and MoR (3.15–3.19 N/mm²) with SP430 considerably increasing strength, especially in unreinforced beams where a 7.5% dosage increased F by 12% as opposed to 1.2% in reinforced beams. Although high SP dosages somewhat decreased β because of slight matrix variability, unreinforced beams showed higher β (9.03–9.15) than reinforced beams (8.75–8.76), indicating simpler failure modes. While β values significantly surpass Eurocode targets (3.5–4.5), indicating overly conservative designs that can be optimized, the constant coefficient of variation (10%) across all beams indicates stable material properties. By lowering the cement content and increasing early-age strength, SP430 enhanced workability and matrix density, promoting sustainable design. With suggestions for more research into dosage optimization and long-term durability, these findings highlight the potential of SP430 in optimizing lateritic soil-based concrete for economical, dependable, and ecologically friendly geotechnical and structural applications in tropical regions.

Published in	International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications (Volume 12, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
Page(s)	85-97
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lateritic Soil, First Order Reliability, Conrete-beam, Super Plasticizer, Failure Load

References

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[3]	Ben Seghier, M. E. A., Younis, K. H., & Chatzarakis, G. E. (2021). Reliability-based durability analysis of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride-induced corrosion. Structures, 31, 923–938.
[4]	Eurocode EN 1990. (2010). Basis of Structural Design. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
[5]	Hasofer, A. M., & Lind, N. C. (1974). An exact and invariant first-order reliability format. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, 100(1), 111–121.
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[15]	Tavio, T., & Suprobo, P. (2022). Reliability-based flexural design of reinforced concrete members. Structural Concrete, 23(5), 2876–2889.
[16]	Wang, L., Wu, C., & Li, Y. (2023). Nano-engineering effects of superplasticizers on the pore structure and flexural behavior of concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 137, 104901.
[17]	Xun, Z., Huang, Z., & Wang, J. (2020). Flexural performance of polycarboxylate and sulphonated admixture modified UHPC: Reliability perspective. Construction and Building Materials, 264, 120230.
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APA Style

Omolegho, A. A., Wasiu, J., Olayinka, I. A. (2026). Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 12(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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ACS Style

Omolegho, A. A.; Wasiu, J.; Olayinka, I. A. Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. Int. J. Archit. Arts Appl. 2026, 12(2), 85-97. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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AMA Style

Omolegho AA, Wasiu J, Olayinka IA. Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. Int J Archit Arts Appl. 2026;12(2):85-97. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14,
  author = {Abu Aisha Omolegho and John Wasiu and Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka},
  title = {Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM},
  journal = {International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {85-97},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  abstract = {Utilizing lateritic soil from Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria, as the base material, this study examines the probabilistic reliability and mechanical performance of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams stabilized with sulphonate naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer (SP430) at dosages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. At curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, flexural strength tests were conducted on prismatic beams (500 × 100 × 100 mm) that were reinforced with 10 mm stirrups and 12 mm longitudinal bars. To evaluate safety margins, the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was utilized, which produced reliability indices (β) based on stochastic variables such as reinforcement properties, modulus of rupture (MoR, N/mm2), and failure load (F, kN). The results demonstrate that reinforced beams outperformed unreinforced beams in terms of failure loads (4.202–4.255 kN) and MoR (3.15–3.19 N/mm2) with SP430 considerably increasing strength, especially in unreinforced beams where a 7.5% dosage increased F by 12% as opposed to 1.2% in reinforced beams. Although high SP dosages somewhat decreased β because of slight matrix variability, unreinforced beams showed higher β (9.03–9.15) than reinforced beams (8.75–8.76), indicating simpler failure modes. While β values significantly surpass Eurocode targets (3.5–4.5), indicating overly conservative designs that can be optimized, the constant coefficient of variation (10%) across all beams indicates stable material properties. By lowering the cement content and increasing early-age strength, SP430 enhanced workability and matrix density, promoting sustainable design. With suggestions for more research into dosage optimization and long-term durability, these findings highlight the potential of SP430 in optimizing lateritic soil-based concrete for economical, dependable, and ecologically friendly geotechnical and structural applications in tropical regions.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM
AU  - Abu Aisha Omolegho
AU  - John Wasiu
AU  - Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka
Y1  - 2026/06/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
T2  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
SP  - 85
EP  - 97
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-1131
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
AB  - Utilizing lateritic soil from Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria, as the base material, this study examines the probabilistic reliability and mechanical performance of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams stabilized with sulphonate naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer (SP430) at dosages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. At curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, flexural strength tests were conducted on prismatic beams (500 × 100 × 100 mm) that were reinforced with 10 mm stirrups and 12 mm longitudinal bars. To evaluate safety margins, the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was utilized, which produced reliability indices (β) based on stochastic variables such as reinforcement properties, modulus of rupture (MoR, N/mm2), and failure load (F, kN). The results demonstrate that reinforced beams outperformed unreinforced beams in terms of failure loads (4.202–4.255 kN) and MoR (3.15–3.19 N/mm2) with SP430 considerably increasing strength, especially in unreinforced beams where a 7.5% dosage increased F by 12% as opposed to 1.2% in reinforced beams. Although high SP dosages somewhat decreased β because of slight matrix variability, unreinforced beams showed higher β (9.03–9.15) than reinforced beams (8.75–8.76), indicating simpler failure modes. While β values significantly surpass Eurocode targets (3.5–4.5), indicating overly conservative designs that can be optimized, the constant coefficient of variation (10%) across all beams indicates stable material properties. By lowering the cement content and increasing early-age strength, SP430 enhanced workability and matrix density, promoting sustainable design. With suggestions for more research into dosage optimization and long-term durability, these findings highlight the potential of SP430 in optimizing lateritic soil-based concrete for economical, dependable, and ecologically friendly geotechnical and structural applications in tropical regions.
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Abu Aisha Omolegho

Department of Civil Engineering, Edo State University, Iyamho, Nigeria

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John Wasiu

Department of Civil Engineering, Edo State University, Iyamho, Nigeria

Contact Email
Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka

Department of Civil Engineering, Edo State University, Iyamho, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-4604-7474

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Omolegho, A. A., Wasiu, J., Olayinka, I. A. (2026). Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 12(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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ACS Style

Omolegho, A. A.; Wasiu, J.; Olayinka, I. A. Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. Int. J. Archit. Arts Appl. 2026, 12(2), 85-97. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

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AMA Style

Omolegho AA, Wasiu J, Olayinka IA. Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM. Int J Archit Arts Appl. 2026;12(2):85-97. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14,
  author = {Abu Aisha Omolegho and John Wasiu and Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka},
  title = {Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM},
  journal = {International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {85-97},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaaa.20261202.14},
  abstract = {Utilizing lateritic soil from Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria, as the base material, this study examines the probabilistic reliability and mechanical performance of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams stabilized with sulphonate naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer (SP430) at dosages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. At curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, flexural strength tests were conducted on prismatic beams (500 × 100 × 100 mm) that were reinforced with 10 mm stirrups and 12 mm longitudinal bars. To evaluate safety margins, the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was utilized, which produced reliability indices (β) based on stochastic variables such as reinforcement properties, modulus of rupture (MoR, N/mm2), and failure load (F, kN). The results demonstrate that reinforced beams outperformed unreinforced beams in terms of failure loads (4.202–4.255 kN) and MoR (3.15–3.19 N/mm2) with SP430 considerably increasing strength, especially in unreinforced beams where a 7.5% dosage increased F by 12% as opposed to 1.2% in reinforced beams. Although high SP dosages somewhat decreased β because of slight matrix variability, unreinforced beams showed higher β (9.03–9.15) than reinforced beams (8.75–8.76), indicating simpler failure modes. While β values significantly surpass Eurocode targets (3.5–4.5), indicating overly conservative designs that can be optimized, the constant coefficient of variation (10%) across all beams indicates stable material properties. By lowering the cement content and increasing early-age strength, SP430 enhanced workability and matrix density, promoting sustainable design. With suggestions for more research into dosage optimization and long-term durability, these findings highlight the potential of SP430 in optimizing lateritic soil-based concrete for economical, dependable, and ecologically friendly geotechnical and structural applications in tropical regions.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Reliability Analysis and Performance Comparison of SP430-stabilized Lateritic-soil Concrete Beams Using FORM
AU  - Abu Aisha Omolegho
AU  - John Wasiu
AU  - Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Olayinka
Y1  - 2026/06/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
T2  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications
SP  - 85
EP  - 97
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-1131
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20261202.14
AB  - Utilizing lateritic soil from Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria, as the base material, this study examines the probabilistic reliability and mechanical performance of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams stabilized with sulphonate naphthalene-formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer (SP430) at dosages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. At curing ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, flexural strength tests were conducted on prismatic beams (500 × 100 × 100 mm) that were reinforced with 10 mm stirrups and 12 mm longitudinal bars. To evaluate safety margins, the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was utilized, which produced reliability indices (β) based on stochastic variables such as reinforcement properties, modulus of rupture (MoR, N/mm2), and failure load (F, kN). The results demonstrate that reinforced beams outperformed unreinforced beams in terms of failure loads (4.202–4.255 kN) and MoR (3.15–3.19 N/mm2) with SP430 considerably increasing strength, especially in unreinforced beams where a 7.5% dosage increased F by 12% as opposed to 1.2% in reinforced beams. Although high SP dosages somewhat decreased β because of slight matrix variability, unreinforced beams showed higher β (9.03–9.15) than reinforced beams (8.75–8.76), indicating simpler failure modes. While β values significantly surpass Eurocode targets (3.5–4.5), indicating overly conservative designs that can be optimized, the constant coefficient of variation (10%) across all beams indicates stable material properties. By lowering the cement content and increasing early-age strength, SP430 enhanced workability and matrix density, promoting sustainable design. With suggestions for more research into dosage optimization and long-term durability, these findings highlight the potential of SP430 in optimizing lateritic soil-based concrete for economical, dependable, and ecologically friendly geotechnical and structural applications in tropical regions.
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
ER  -

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