Pedological Characterization of Some Typical Alluvial Soils of Kilombero District, Tanzania
Asheri Mwamba Kalala,
Balthazar Michael Msanya,
Nyambilila Abdallah Amuri,
Johnson Mashambo Semoka
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2017
Pages:
1-11
Received:
18 December 2016
Accepted:
4 January 2017
Published:
2 March 2017
Abstract: This study was carried out in Kilombero District, Tanzania with the objective of characterizing the soils in terms of their morphology, genesis, physico-chemical properties and classification. Three pedons KISA-P1, MKU-P1 and MBA-P1 were identified within the Kilombero Valley, dug, described and sampled. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from designated pedogenic horizons for physical and chemical analysis in the laboratory. Using both field and laboratory data soils were classified using both USDA Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base for Soil Resources schemes of classification. Results show that the three pedons were developed under Isohyperthemic temperature and Aquic moisture regimes. All pedons were deep (100 - 120 cm). Whereas Pedons KISA-P1 and MBA-P1 had sandy clay loam topsoils overlying sandy clay subsoils, Pedon MKU-P1 had clayey texture throughout its profile depth. All pedons had low chromas of ≤ 3 and redoximorphic features in form of abundant mottles particularly in the subsoils. Topsoils of Pedons KISA-P1 and MBA-P1 had dominantly friable to very friable moist consistence while those of Pedon MKU-P1 had very firm moist consistence. Subsoil moist consistence varied from firm to extremely firm (Pedons KISA-P1 and MKU-P1) and from friable to very firm (Pedon MBA-P1). Structures were dominantly weak to moderate subangular blocky in all studied soils but some horizons were structureless single grained and massive. Soil reaction ranged from extremely acid (topsoil of MBA-P1) to mildly alkaline (subsoil of MKU-P1) with pH values of 4.44 and 6.73 respectively. Topsoil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in the studied pedons were low (0.66 to 1.4%) and very low to low (0.08 to 0.19%) respectively. CECsoil values were rated as low to medium ranging from 8.4 to 23.8 cmol (+)/kg respectively in Pedon KISA-P1 and Pedon MKU-P1. Percent BS values varied between and within studied pedons and ranged from low < 50% to high > 50%. Studied soils manifested nutrient imbalances in respect of basic cations. On the overall, fertility of the studied soils was rated as low to medium. According to USDA Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Pedons KISA-P1 and MKU-P1 classified as Inceptisols, equivalent to Cambisols in WRB for Soil Resources whereas Pedon MBA-P1 classified as Entisols equivalent to Fluvisols. All three sites were recommended for paddy production.
Abstract: This study was carried out in Kilombero District, Tanzania with the objective of characterizing the soils in terms of their morphology, genesis, physico-chemical properties and classification. Three pedons KISA-P1, MKU-P1 and MBA-P1 were identified within the Kilombero Valley, dug, described and sampled. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were ...
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Evaluation of Some Biopesticidal Formulations Against Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) Skeletonizer, Eutectona machaeralis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in India
Nitin Kulkarni,
Sanjay Dattatray Paunikar
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2017
Pages:
12-15
Received:
17 February 2017
Accepted:
25 February 2017
Published:
14 March 2017
Abstract: Efficacy of five commercial modern biopesticidal formulations was evaluated against the penultimate instar larvae of E. machaeralis in field-cum-lab experiments. These were; plant derived product (Ozomite® @ 0.0025% to 0.02%), Beauveria bassiana with combinations of other entomopathogenic fungi (Bioseal plus® @ 0.05% to 0.30%, i.e., 5x105 to 3.0x106 spores/ ml) and Metarhizium anisopliae with combinations of other entomopathogenic fungi (Biomet plus® @ 0.05% to 0.30%, i.e., 5x105 to 3.0x106 spores / ml), Actinomycete product (Spinosad) 45%EC (Conserve® @ 0.005% to 0.10%), botanicals with Bacillus thuringiensis (AgropestBt® @ 0.01% to 0.05%) apart from water spray as control. The plant derived commercial formulation (Ozomite®) (with 94.44% mortality at 0.01%), Actinomycete product (Conserve®) (with 100% mortality at 0.05%) and botanicals with Bt (AgropestBt®) (with 77.78% mortality at 0.05%) proved promising against the Eutectona machaeralis larvae. The plant derived commercial formulation (Ozomite®) was the most effective, followed by Actinomycete product (Conserve).
Abstract: Efficacy of five commercial modern biopesticidal formulations was evaluated against the penultimate instar larvae of E. machaeralis in field-cum-lab experiments. These were; plant derived product (Ozomite® @ 0.0025% to 0.02%), Beauveria bassiana with combinations of other entomopathogenic fungi (Bioseal plus® @ 0.05% to 0.30%, i.e., 5x105 to 3.0x10...
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