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Research Article
Mind and Psyche as Roots of History
Roberto Bani*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
295-305
Received:
15 May 2025
Accepted:
3 June 2025
Published:
26 June 2025
Abstract: The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good memory that allows knowledge, forms of reasoning present in chimpanzees. However, the human brain is three and a half times larger than his, hence the broad knowledge and rich language, and it is a brain capable of specializing in practical but also abstract and spiritual activities. All this constitutes a completely new interactive chain in the relationship between species and environment, because man knows how to adapt reality to his needs thanks to a completely new faculty: creativity, the spark of history. Psyche - I start from the Primitive Horde hypothesized by Freud in Totem and Taboo, and I follow Darwin to identify the Origin of Man however in his psychic and social heritage, a heritage that, we will see, has an enormous weight in societies, in history and life of people. Ideas and motivations are distinguished, among these the trust or security that each one seeks in the context in which he lives but following archaic feelings inherited from animals such as property and rank. It should be considered that the last genetic social structure in which the sapiens lived, and in which their best feelings were formed, is the tribe or multi-family community. This community no longer exists and has eclipsed its essential character of being a face-to-face group, or group in which everyone knows each other. Its disappearance, which occurred since the first civilizations, marks the beginning of history.
Abstract: The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good mem...
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Research Article
Effects of Foreign Labour Migration on Left Behind Their Children
Manamaya Mishra,
Laxman Shingh Kunnwar*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
306-314
Received:
13 May 2025
Accepted:
4 June 2025
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract: This paper based on Effects of Foreign Labour Migration especially focus on their Children” and objective of examining the effects of foreign labour migration on the left their children. It helps to understand the economic, social and demographic effects on the left behind family members, particularly spouses located in Ward No. 4, Gauradaha Municipality of Jhapa district. Quantitative data from 150 respondents, particularly spouses and parents of the foreign labour migrants, have been collected by employing a structured questionnaire and scheduled interview technique. It uses census method for data collection. This study illustrates that majority of the migrants are Limbu and Tamang males motivated by economic push factors and social pull factors to migrate abroad. Malaysia (56%), Quater (25%) are main destination countries. Average household wealth score and household income have both increased after foreign labour migration. The left behind spouses are more comfortable talking to their family members instead of other people and institutions located in the community regarding the social discrimination that they experience. Given that these effects are diverse, balancing them requires comprehensive government policies that address the specific needs of families left behind. Community level awareness is necessary to educate the people regarding the challenges faced by left behind spouses and to dispel the negative stereotypes pertaining to foreign labour migration. It is necessary to consider the diverse challenges associated with left behind children.
Abstract: This paper based on Effects of Foreign Labour Migration especially focus on their Children” and objective of examining the effects of foreign labour migration on the left their children. It helps to understand the economic, social and demographic effects on the left behind family members, particularly spouses located in Ward No. 4, Gauradaha Munici...
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Research Article
Remote Data Verification Under Fragility and Operational Stress: Insights from Somalia During COVID-19
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
315-331
Received:
21 May 2025
Accepted:
7 June 2025
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract: Organizations operating under fragile contexts often struggle to uphold data quality standards due to insecurity, institutional fragmentation, and limited field access. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these constraints. It suspended the possibility of direct verification and posed critical questions about the integrity of performance oversight. This research investigates whether remote Data Quality Assessments (DQAs) preserved accountability and verification rigor during this period of operational stress. The research adopts a qualitative case study design and analyzes the remote DQA model implemented across the USAID Somalia portfolio in 2020. The analysis relies on reporting documents, standardized templates, verification protocols, and technical feedback archives to evaluate performance across five data quality dimensions and examine the remote DQA process. It references peer-reviewed studies, donor publications, and evaluation reports from Somalia and similar fragile settings to support contextual interpretation and enable cross-case insight. The research applies thematic content analysis and triangulated document review to assess institutional behavior and the resilience of monitoring systems under constraint. The findings confirm that remote DQAs enabled continuity of oversight and preserved structured verification logic. However, performance in institutional adaptation varied. The research reveals that remote models depend heavily on partner capacity and documentation clarity. Coordination between implementing partners and sub-implementing partners emerged as a strategic determinant of remote verification success. While remote DQAs allowed accountability in non-permissive settings, they could not replicate the contextual depth and diagnostic precision of field-based assessments. The absence of observational evidence hindered the detection of informal practices and constrained verification confidence. The research concludes that remote verification models offer a viable response to operational disruption, but they cannot substitute for the comprehensiveness of hybrid approaches. Hybrid models that combine remote reviews with targeted field visits, once embedded within institutional frameworks, offer a strategic path to reinforce system resilience in fragile and constrained settings. Somalia’s experience highlights the need for donors and implementing partners to institutionalize adaptive oversight mechanisms capable of maintaining data quality under fragility and stress.
Abstract: Organizations operating under fragile contexts often struggle to uphold data quality standards due to insecurity, institutional fragmentation, and limited field access. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these constraints. It suspended the possibility of direct verification and posed critical questions about the integrity of performance oversight. T...
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