Review Article
Classification of the Animals Based on Environment: A Proposal to Minimization of the Mistakes in the Theophrastus’ Classification
Amâncio Maurício Xavier Rêgo*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
76-84
Received:
10 September 2025
Accepted:
19 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze the classification of the Animals based on Environment. The main materials used were two books and an educative YouTube video about terrestrial and aerial and aquatic Animals. The methods used were bibliographical and documentary research; each method used was accompanied by profound personal reflections about Theophrastus’ classification. This article is important for Biology teachers who teach the classification of the Animals based on Environment, because presents a proposal of classification of the Animals that minimizes the mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification. Theophrastus was a philosopher of Ancient Greek who used the word Terrestrials to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil and move on the Soil, and who classified Animals according to the Environment in Aerial, Aquatic and Terrestrial Animals. In the Theophrastus’ classification, the Aerial Animals that normally live immersed in the atmospheric Air, for example Man and Monkey, are considered Terrestrial Animals. The main mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification are the consideration of various Aerial Animals as being Terrestrial and the lack of a proper name to designate the group of Animals that normally live immersed in the Soil. The Earth is not the Soil and the word Terrestrials is not appropriate to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil and move on the Soil because is applied to any Animal that exists in the Planet Earth, the appropriate word to designate only those Animals that live in the Soil is the word Solumials or Solumics because is formed by adding the English suffix ials or ics to the Latin root Solum which means Soil in English. To minimize the mistakes that exist in the Theophrastus’ classification is proposed the comprehension of that, the Terrestrial Animals are all the Animals that exist in the Planet Earth and the Animals are classified according to the Environment in Aerial and Aquatic and Solumial or Solumic Animals. The Environments of the Planet Earth in which the Animals can live are the Atmosphere formed by atmospheric Air, the Hydrosphere formed by Water and the Lithosphere composed by Soil. Based on Environment, the Aerial Animals are those that live immersed in the atmospheric Air, example Man; the Aquatic Animals are those that live immersed in the Water, example Fish; the Solumial or Solumic Animals are those that live immersed in the Soil, example Mole.
Abstract: The objective of this article was to analyze the classification of the Animals based on Environment. The main materials used were two books and an educative YouTube video about terrestrial and aerial and aquatic Animals. The methods used were bibliographical and documentary research; each method used was accompanied by profound personal reflections...
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Review Article
Review on Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Through a One Health Approach
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2025
Pages:
85-92
Received:
1 October 2025
Accepted:
14 October 2025
Published:
31 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajz.20250804.12
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Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century, jeopardizing the effective treatment of infectious diseases across humans, animals, and the environment. In livestock production, antimicrobials are widely used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the application of One Health approaches in addressing AMR in livestock and to identify key challenges and opportunities for their effective implementation. The inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobials in animals has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. These resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, food consumption, and environmental contamination, posing significant risks to public health, food security, and economic stability. Addressing AMR from a single-sector perspective has proven inadequate. A One Health approach which recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health offers a more sustainable and effective solution. Despite growing global and national advocacy for One Health strategies, implementation remains inconsistent, particularly in the livestock sector. In many low- and middle-income countries, antimicrobial use in animals is poorly regulated, data on usage and resistance patterns are limited, and cross-sectoral collaboration is weak. Although One Health frameworks exist, their operationalization in livestock systems is hindered by gaps in policy, coordination, and technical capacity. In conclusion, AMR in livestock is a complex issue that requires a collaborative, multisectoral response. Strengthening the One Health approach is essential to tackle AMR at its source. As a key recommendation, countries should establish a national One Health coordination platform that brings together stakeholders from human, animal, and environmental health sectors to implement harmonized surveillance, promote responsible antimicrobial use, and support education and capacity building. Strong political commitment and sustained investment are crucial for achieving long-term impact.
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century, jeopardizing the effective treatment of infectious diseases across humans, animals, and the environment. In livestock production, antimicrobials are widely used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes. Therefore, th...
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