Review Article
Viewing Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism Through a Two-factor Lens: A Dual-spectrum Model for Intercultural Development
Hugh Jiliang Liu*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2026
Pages:
24-33
Received:
10 February 2026
Accepted:
24 February 2026
Published:
5 March 2026
Abstract: Intercultural literature often treats ethnocentrism and ethnorelativism as opposite ends of a single continuum. This paper challenges that assumption by adapting Herzberg’s two-factor theory to propose a dual-spectrum model: (1) a “hygiene” axis (ethnocentrism ↔ absence of ethnocentrism) that prevents harm, and (2) a “motivator” axis (absence of ethnorelativism ↔ ethnorelativism) that enables growth. This paper argues that reducing ethnocentrism does not automatically produce ethnorelativism, and that gains in ethnorelativism can coexist with stress-activated in-group bias which is the key concept of ethnocentrism. This dual-spectrum model can explain why bias reduction does not automatically yield adaptive collaboration and why sophisticated perspective-taking can still buckle under stress. This paper translates the model into testable propositions, a two-dimensional (2×2) typology, a portfolio of instruments for measurements, and intervention strategies. It also specifies implications for research, education, and organisational practice, especially under boundary conditions in cultural and organisational contexts, to clarify further when the axes move together, lag, or diverge. This paper also provides examples of educational program design that deliberately pair “anti-deficit” (hygiene) interventions with “growth-positive” (motivator) interventions. Hygiene secures the floor, and motivators raise the ceiling.
Abstract: Intercultural literature often treats ethnocentrism and ethnorelativism as opposite ends of a single continuum. This paper challenges that assumption by adapting Herzberg’s two-factor theory to propose a dual-spectrum model: (1) a “hygiene” axis (ethnocentrism ↔ absence of ethnocentrism) that prevents harm, and (2) a “motivator” axis (absence of et...
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