Review Article
The Chemistry of Some Internal Human Organs and Its Biological Fluids
Hebah Abdel-Wahab*
,
Tamara Gund,
Joseph Bozzelli
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
89-95
Received:
17 June 2026
Accepted:
20 July 2026
Published:
18 August 2026
Abstract: PH is a scale from 0-14 used to determine if substances or mediums are acidic, alkaline or neutral. Blood is a buffer solution with a PH of 7.4, and it resists change in PH as it contains week conjugate acid and base pair; carbonate HCO3- and carbonic acid H2CO3. Mediums and solutions can be either acidic, alkaline or neutral; acidic if their measured PH is less than 7, neutral if their measured PH is 7, and alkaline if their measured PH is greater than 7. An organ can be made of different types of tissues that combine to form an organ. An organ system or a biological system is when two or more organs work together in execution of a body function. Reproductive organs in men or women are organs involved in the producing of children and involved in sexual function. The series of hollow organs joined in a long tube from mouth to anus is the GI tract. Biological fluids are Liquids within living organisms; each has a distinct physiological role. These fluids can be either extracellular or intracellular. The objective is to determine and list the PH of some internal human organs and their biological fluids based on their acidity or alkalinity. The PH of some internal human organs is listed in Table 1 and the PH of some biological fluids are listed in Table 2.
Abstract: PH is a scale from 0-14 used to determine if substances or mediums are acidic, alkaline or neutral. Blood is a buffer solution with a PH of 7.4, and it resists change in PH as it contains week conjugate acid and base pair; carbonate HCO3- and carbonic acid H2CO3. Mediums and solutions can be either acidic, alkaline or neutral; acidic if their measu...
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Research Article
Micropropagation Potential of Roseval and Charlotte Varieties of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L) from Nodal Segments During Subcultures
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
96-104
Received:
20 August 2026
Accepted:
31 August 2026
Published:
20 September 2026
Abstract: In Côte d'Ivoire, potatoes have become a key component of the local diet. To meet the rising demand, the government invests over 22 billion FCFA annually to ensure sufficient supply for the population. Despite its favorable climate, Côte d'Ivoire produces very little potatoes. The main constraint to potato cultivation is the lack of seed availability at the right time for producers. This study aims to develop a protocol for producing potato in vitro plantlets in Côte d'Ivoire. Nodal segments from 21-day-old in vitro plantlets were placed onto four basal media containing different combinations of growth regulators (MS0: MS + Morel and Wetmore vitamins; M1: MS + Morel and Wetmore vitamins + 0.25 mg/L BAP; M2: MS + Morel and Wetmore vitamins + 0.25 mg/L BAP+ 0.01 mg/L IAA; M3: MS + Morel and Wetmore vitamins + 0.25 mg/L BAP+ 0.01 mg/L IAA + 0.25mg/L GA3). A series of subcultures was carried out on the medium expressing the best responses. The MS0 medium, lacking growth regulators, supported the highest seedling growth (11.33 cm) and healthy leaf development in all varieties. The Charlotte variety, during its fourth subculture, demonstrated the greatest multiplication capacity, producing plants with an average height of 9.21 cm, 12.1 nodes per leafy shoot, and 3.21 leafy shoots per explant. Beyond this stage, multiplication performance decreases sharply. These results will contribute to the development of a protocol for mass production of potato seeds in the form of in vitro plantlets.
Abstract: In Côte d'Ivoire, potatoes have become a key component of the local diet. To meet the rising demand, the government invests over 22 billion FCFA annually to ensure sufficient supply for the population. Despite its favorable climate, Côte d'Ivoire produces very little potatoes. The main constraint to potato cultivation is the lack of seed availabili...
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