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Review Article
Hormonal Estrus Synchronization in Dairy Cattle in Ethiopia: Opportunities, Constraints and Strategies for Improved Reproductive Efficiency: Review
Lensa Urgesa*
,
Jiayu Yang
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-7
Received:
10 December 2025
Accepted:
22 December 2025
Published:
16 January 2026
Abstract: Hormonal estrus synchronization has emerged as a central reproductive technology in Ethiopia’s dairy sector, chiefly in the context of rapid growth in urban and peri-urban dairying and the national push toward genetic improvement through artificial insemination (AI). The technology enables strategic control of the estrous cycle, improves breeding efficiency, enhances the use of superior breeds and increases calving rates in smallholder and commercial dairy systems. Despite its potential, adoption remains low and performance inconsistent due to management, technical, infrastructural, and socio-economic challenges. Several synchronization protocols including Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) based programs, progesterone-releasing devices, Ovsynch and its modifications and combined hormonal regimens have been implemented in national programs such as Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), the National Artificial Insemination Program, the OIE/FAO-supported projects, and regional extension packages. However, conception rates are highly variable, ranging from 20–55%, largely influenced by body condition, nutrition, heat detection efficiency, protocol adherence, AI technician skill, breed differences, season, and postpartum reproductive disorders. The opportunities created by increasing demand for dairy products, improved extension platforms and expanding private veterinary services contrast sharply with challenges such as inadequate awareness, drug shortages, limited technical capacity and the absence of structured monitoring systems. This review synthesizes existing evidence on hormonal estrus synchronization in Ethiopian dairy cattle, highlighting protocols used, success rates, constraints, opportunities and strategic recommendations for enhanced adoption and performance. Such understanding is crucial for designing sustainable reproductive interventions and strengthening Ethiopia’s dairy value chain.
Abstract: Hormonal estrus synchronization has emerged as a central reproductive technology in Ethiopia’s dairy sector, chiefly in the context of rapid growth in urban and peri-urban dairying and the national push toward genetic improvement through artificial insemination (AI). The technology enables strategic control of the estrous cycle, improves breeding e...
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Research Article
Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Lemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Tsegaab Tesfaye,
Shambel Selman Abdo*,
Ritbano Ahmed Abdo
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
8-21
Received:
13 December 2025
Accepted:
26 December 2025
Published:
20 January 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijfsb.20261101.12
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Abstract: During pregnancy, a woman needs good nutrition for a healthy birth outcome. Besides, the need for nutrients dramatically increases more during pregnancy than at any other stage in the woman’s life. However, nutrient deficiencies and imbalanced dietary intake occur during the reproductive period in urban and rural women in both developing and developed nations. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on dietary diversity among urban and rural pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was designed with the objectives of comparing the dietary diversity among pregnant women between urban and rural areas, and to identify associated factors in Lemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 429 pregnant women in urban and rural areas of Lemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone in July 2021. The collected data was entered in Epi data version 3.1, and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the dietary diversity practice of pregnant mothers. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as statically significant. The proportion of pregnant women who had adequate dietary diversity practice was 35.9%. There was no statistical difference between urban and rural pregnant women in dietary diversity practice. Age (AOR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.98), family size (AOR=1.886, 95%CI: 1.094-3.250), occupation (AOR=3.30, 95%CI: 1.002-10.873) and household food security (AOR=5.0, 95%CI: 2.919-8.594) independently predicted dietary diversity practice. The prevalence of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women was low. Therefore, interventions on household food security, women's occupations, and promoting family planning may improve the dietary diversity among pregnant women in the study areas.
Abstract: During pregnancy, a woman needs good nutrition for a healthy birth outcome. Besides, the need for nutrients dramatically increases more during pregnancy than at any other stage in the woman’s life. However, nutrient deficiencies and imbalanced dietary intake occur during the reproductive period in urban and rural women in both developing and develo...
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Research Article
Adoption and Impact of Modern Beehive on Household Income: The Case of Selected Districts of Horro Guduru Wollaga Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Gemechisa Yadeta*,
Shelema Rafera,
Dereje Tibebu
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
22-28
Received:
16 December 2025
Accepted:
26 December 2025
Published:
20 January 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijfsb.20261101.13
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Abstract: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting adoption of modern beehive and to analyze the impact of modern beehive adoption on household income in selected districts (Horro and Jimma Genet) of Horro Guduru Wollaga zone. Three kebeles from each sampled districts (totally six kebeles) were selected purposely depend on potentiality of beekeeping production. A total of 155 sample respondents were selected randomly to provide information (58 with modern bee hive and 97 with traditional beekeeping production). Results indicated that an average yield harvested per hive per year from traditional and modern beehive was 3.21kg and 14.56 kg respectively. The results from the econometric model showed that income from traditional beehive production, the number of traditional beehives possessed by bee-keepers, attitudes towards perceptions of easiness of inspection of modern hive positively and significantly influence a beekeeper’s adoption of modern beehive of households in the study area. In addition, average treatment effect of household income assessed and the average income of farmers with modern beehive was estimated to be 10014.15 birr which was greater than farmers with traditional beehive production. So, linking farmers training with FTC demonstration were expected during promotion of modern bee hive and providing adequate technical skill through training the easiness of modern beehive inspection and management is required.
Abstract: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting adoption of modern beehive and to analyze the impact of modern beehive adoption on household income in selected districts (Horro and Jimma Genet) of Horro Guduru Wollaga zone. Three kebeles from each sampled districts (totally six kebeles) were selected purposely depend on potentiality of beeke...
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Research Article
Evaluation of Good Cattle Farming and Slaughtering Practices According to the "Halal" Standard in the Vina Division (Cameroon)
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
29-46
Received:
16 December 2025
Accepted:
30 December 2025
Published:
20 January 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijfsb.20261101.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The market for halal products is constantly growing. It is estimated to be worth approximately 2.3 million USD. With an estimated annual growth rate of 20%, the sector is expected to be valued at approximately 560 billion USD per year in 2030. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the constraints associated with the implementation of optimal farming and slaughtering practices in accordance with the halal standard within the Vina Division of Cameroon. The study was conducted in the six largest agro-pastoral district municipalities of Vina. Interviews were conducted with religious leaders, farmers, livestock traders, and personnel involved in the slaughtering process. The results demonstrate that the majority of farmers in the Nyambaka district possess the majority of Islamic knowledge related to farming (82.9%) and are of the Fulani ethnicity (71.7%). The primary constraints to the marketing of livestock are the lack of halal bank loans (21.7%) and the inflation of feed prices for livestock (27.2%). The majority of the slaughtering process is carried out manually (91.6%), and the absence of effective hygiene measures at the livestock level (20%) was observed. At the marketing level, over half of the traders have a non-Islamic bank account (68.2%). The primary constraints to the implementation of 'halal' practices are the lack of qualified slaughterhouse personnel (47.6%) and the limited number of slaughterhouses (14.2%).
Abstract: The market for halal products is constantly growing. It is estimated to be worth approximately 2.3 million USD. With an estimated annual growth rate of 20%, the sector is expected to be valued at approximately 560 billion USD per year in 2030. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the constraints associated with the implementation o...
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